Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, and Risk Perception in Dental Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Keywords:
anxiety, self-efficacy, risk perception, COVID-19, Dentistry, epidemiological surveys.Abstract
Introduction: Containment measures by COVID-19 affect lifestyle and social relationships and it is reasonable to expect psychological effects from the thought of becoming infected. In dental practice, psychological reactions have been diverse.
Objective: To identify anxiety and risk perception due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the self-efficacy of dental students to take preventive measures.
Methods: Cross-sectional study in students of the School of Dentistry of a public university in northeastern Mexico in May 2020 (n = 412). Online data were collected on anxiety, risk perception and self-efficacy on Likert scale and sociodemographic profile. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression multivariate analysis were used.
Results: Mean age was 21.8 ± 2.8 years; 72.1% were female. Twenty-two out of 100 dental students reported feeling anxious about the COVID-19 pandemic for at least eight days in the last two weeks; risk perception (OR = 2.46, 95%CI 1.75 - 3.48) and being female (OR = 2.23, 95%CI 1.33-3.76) increased the odds of anxiety. While self-efficacy (OR = 0.71, CI95% 0.51 - 0.99) and history of COVID-19 training (OR = 0.63, CI95% 0.4-0.99) decreased them.
Conclusions: High risk perception and being of the female sex are associated with a significant increase in COVID-19 anxiety.
Downloads
References
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). América Latina y el Caribe ante la pandemia del COVID-19. 2020 [acceso 29/01/2021]. Disponible en: https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/82414c93-33bf-4a64-af1e-b26e28e1437e/content
Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):e37-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99(5):481-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520914246
Khader Y, Al Nsour M, Al-Batayneh OB, Saadeh R, Bashier H, Alfaqih M, et al. Dentists’ Awareness, Perception, and Attitude Regarding COVID-19 and Infection Control: Cross-Sectional Study Among Jordanian Dentists. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020 Abr;6(2):e18798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/18798
Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Ahmed N, Adnan S, Aftab M, Zafar MS, et al. Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists to Combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020 Abr;17(8):2821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082821
Consolo U, Bellini P, Bencivenni D, Iani C, Checchi V. Epidemiological Aspects and Psychological Reactions to COVID-19 of Dental Practitioners in the Northern Italy Districts of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May;17(10):3459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103459
Cagetti MG, Cairoli JL, Senna A, Campus G. COVID-19 Outbreak in North Italy: An Overview on Dentistry. A Questionnaire Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May;17(11):3835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113835
Kamate SK. Assessing Knowledge. Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of dental practitioners regarding the COVID-19 pandemic: A multinational study. Dent Med Probl. 2020 Ene-Mar;57(1):11-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/119743
Shacham M, Hamama-Raz Y, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky O, Ben-Ezra M, Mijiritsky E. COVID-19 Factors and Psychological Factors Associated with Elevated Psychological Distress among Dentists and Dental Hygienists in Israel. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020 Abr;17(8):2900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082900
Cheng SKW, Wong CW, Tsang J, Wong KC. Psychological distress and negative appraisals in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Psychol Med. 2004 Oct;34(7):1187-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002272
Asociación Médica Mundial. Declaración de Helsinki de la AMM – Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos. 2017 [acceso 29/01/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos/
Gómez R, Tamayo J, Salinas A, Quiroga M, Rodríguez J. Zenodo [Dataset]. Ansiedad, autoeficacia y percepción de riesgo en estudiantes de Odontología durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Revista Cubana de Estomatología. 2024:4635. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11359295
Modi PD, Nair G, Uppe A, Modi J, Tuppekar B. COVID-19 Awareness Among Healthcare Students and Professionals in Mumbai Metropolitan Region: A Questionnaire-Based Survey. Cureus. 2020 Abr;12(4):e7514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7514
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006May;166(10):1092-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Preguntas y respuestas sobre la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). 2020 [acceso 29/01/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/q-a-coronaviruses
World Health Organization. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19. 2020 [acceso 29/01/2021]. Disponible en: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/advice-use-masks-context-covid-19-interim-guidance-5-june-2020
ADA News. Summary of ADA guidance during the COVID-19 crisis. 2020 [acceso 29/01/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.ada.org/about/press-releases/2020-archives/summary-of-ada-guidance-during-the-covid-19-crisis
Germani A, Buratta L, Delvecchio E, Gizzi G, Mazzeschi. Anxiety Severity, Perceived Risk of COVID-19 and Individual Functioning in Emerging Adults Facing the Pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020 Dic;11:567505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567505
IBM Support. IBM SPSS Statistics 20. United States;2011.
Solana K. HPI poll: Dentists see increase in patients’ stress-related oral health conditions | American Dental Association. American Dental Association. 2021 [acceso 29/01/2021]. Disponible en: https://adanews.ada.org/ada-news/2021/march/hpi-poll-dentists-see-increased-prevalence-of-stress-related-oral-health-conditions/
García-Batista ZE, Guerra-Peña K, Cano-Vindel A, Herrera-Martínez SX, Flores-Kanter PE, Medrano LA. Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de ansiedad estado-rasgo en población general y hospitalaria de República Dominicana. Ansiedad y Estrés. 2017;23(2-3):53-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anyes.2017.09.004
Wang C, Zhao H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students. Front. Psychol. 2020 May; 11:1168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01168
Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res 2020 May; 287:112934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Jun;51:102083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 Mar;17(5):1729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Bults M, Beaujean DJMA, de Zwart O, Kok G, van Empelen P, van Steenbergen JE, et al. Perceived risk, anxiety, and behavioral responses of the general public during the early phase of the Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands: results of three consecutive online surveys. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-2
Tang CSK, Wong CY. An Outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Predictors of Health Behaviors and Effect of Community Prevention Measures in Hong Kong, China. Am J Public Health Res. 2003 Nov; 93(11):1887-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.11.1887
Moosavi M, Aminishakib P, Ansari M. Antiviral mouthwashes: possible benefit for COVID-19 with evidence-based approach. J Oral Microbiol. 2020;12(1):1794363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2020.1794363
Alessa M, Alzahrani M, Alshehri A, Aljrboa A, Bustami R, Almangour A,
et al. Knowledge regarding Zika Virus Infection among Healthcare Providers in an Academic Tertiary Care Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2020 Mar;2020(6):8145219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8145219
Savas E, Tanriverdi D. Knowledge, attitudes and anxiety towards influenza A/H1N1 vaccination of healthcare workers in Turkey. BMC Infectious Disease. 2010;10(1):1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/0.1186/1471-2334-10-281
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors retain all rights to their works, which they can reproduce and distribute as long as they cite the primary source of publication.
The Rev Cubana Estomatol is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) and follows the publication model of SciELO Publishing Schema (SciELO PS) for publication in XML format.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
- You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
- No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Download PDF
