Rendimiento y fuerza masticatoria máxima funcional en pacientes con prótesis parcial removible dentomucosoportadas y dentoimplantosoportadas

Mauricio Toro, Alain Manuel Chaple-Gil, Fernando Romo, Leonardo Díaz

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Resumen

Introducción: Debido al desdentamiento, el rendimiento y la fuerza masticatoria disminuyen, lo que implica una desorganización y descompensación del sistema estomatognático con fuerzas provocadas por la masticación, que se distribuyen en el hueso a través de dientes y mucosas y provocan la reabsorción ósea en zonas edéntulas.

Objetivo: Comparar el rendimiento masticatorio y la fuerza masticatoria máxima funcional en pacientes desdentados parciales portadores de prótesis parcial removible dentomucosoportadas, antes y después de la instalación quirúrgica de implantes oseointegrados como pilares protésicos auxiliares.

Métodos: Se seleccionaron 10 pacientes rehabilitados mediante prótesis parcial removibles. Se les realizaron el test biomecánico de medición de fuerza masticatoria y test de Manly para la evaluación del rendimiento masticatorio antes de la instalación del implante y a los tres y seis meses poscirugía.

Resultados: Se obtuvo un valor promedio de rendimiento masticatorio de 24,2 ± 9,73 % antes de la cirugía de implantes, de 44,1 ± 13,28 % a los tres meses y de 45,6 ± 14,33 % a los seis meses posterior a esta (p = 0,001). Antes de la cirugía implantaria se obtuvo como promedio una fuerza masticatoria de 10,6 ± 4,34 kg, de 12,5 ± 4,28 kg a los tres meses y de 15,1 ± 5,12 kg a los seis meses posterior a esta (p = 0,008).

Conclusiones: La utilización de implantes oseointegrados como pilares auxiliares en prótesis removibles dentomucosoportadas se asocian a un mayor rendimiento masticatorio y a un aumento de la fuerza masticatoria máxima funcional, asociado al alivio de la carga directa sobre los rebordes maxilares edéntulos.

Palabras clave

implantes dentales; prótesis removible; rendimiento masticatorio; fuerza masticatoria.

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